InDIa

India, officially the Republic of India (Hindi: भारत गणराज्य Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by geographical area, the second-most populous country, and the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the west, and the Bay of Bengal on the east, India has a coastline of 7,517 kilometers (4,671 mi).^[13] It is bordered by Pakistan to the west;^[14] People's Republic of China (PRC), Nepal, and Bhutan to the north; and Bangladesh and Myanmar to the east. India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka, the Maldives, and Indonesia in the Indian Ocean.

Home to the Indus Valley Civilization and a region of historic trade routes and vast empires, the Indian subcontinent was identified with its commercial and cultural wealth for much of its long history.^[15] Four major world religions, Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism and Sikhism originated there, while Zoroastrianism, Judaism, Christianity and Islam arrived in the first millennium CE and shaped the region's diverse culture. Gradually annexed by the British East India Company from the early eighteenth century and colonised by the United Kingdom from the mid-nineteenth century, India became an independent nation in 1947 after a struggle for independence that was marked by widespread nonviolent resistance.

India is a republic consisting of 28 states and seven union territories with a parliamentary system of democracy. India maintains the world's third largest army with the ninth largest defence budget. It has the world's twelfth largest economy at market exchange rates and the fourth largest in purchasing power. Economic reforms since 1991 have transformed it into one of the fastest growing economies. In addition, it is a nuclear weapons state and a potential superpower. A pluralistic, multilingual, and multiethnic society, India is also home to a diversity of wildlife in a variety of protected habitats.^[16]However, India still suffers from high levels of poverty,^[17] and malnutrition.

jUbAlAnD

Jubaland (Somali: Jubbaland) or Juba Valley (Somali: Dooxada Jubba), formerly Trans-Juba (Italian: Oltre Giuba), is the southwesternmost part of Somalia, on the far side of the Juba River (thus "Trans"-Juba), bordering on Kenya.

Total population of Jubaland is estimated at 1.3 million inhabitants. Its constituent administrative regions of Gedo, Lower Juba, and Middle Juba had estimated populations of 690,000, 400,000 and 240,000, respectively, in 2005.[1] The region has a total area of 87,000 km² (33,000 sq mi). The main city is Kismayo, on the coast near the mouth of the Juba.

The region has been the site of numerous battles in the ongoing^[update] Somali Civil War and was briefly declared independent in 1998–1999. As of early 2008^[update], the region is under nominal control of the Somali Transitional Federal Government.

JAmAicA
Jamaica (pronounced /dʒəˈmeɪkə/) is an island nation of the Greater Antilles, 234 kilometres (145 mi) in length and as much as 80 kilometres (50 mi) in width situated in the Caribbean Sea. It is about 145 kilometres (90 mi) south of Cuba, and 190 kilometres (120 mi) west of the island of Hispaniola, on which Haiti and the Dominican Republic are situated. Its indigenous Arawakan-speaking Taíno inhabitants named the island Xaymaca, meaning the "Land of Wood and Water", or the "Land of Springs".^[3] Formerly a Spanish possession known as Santiago, it later became the British Crown colony of Jamaica. It is the third most populous anglophone country in North America, after the United States and Canada. It remains a Commonwealth realm.

mAlAySiA

Malaysia (pronounced /məˈlεɪʒə/ or /məˈleɪziə/) is a federation that consists of thirteen states and three federal territories in Southeast Asia with a total landmass of 329,847 square kilometres (127,355 sq mi).^[4][5] The capital city is Kuala Lumpur, while Putrajaya is the seat of the federal government. The population stands at over 27 million.^[5] The country is separated into two regions—Peninsular Malaysia and Malaysian Borneo—by the South China Sea.^[5] Malaysia borders Thailand, Indonesia, Singapore, Brunei and the Philippines.^[5] The country is located near the equator and experiences a tropical climate.^[5] Malaysia's head of state is the Yang di-Pertuan Agong^[6] and the government is headed by a Prime Minister.^[7][8] The government is closely modeled after the Westminster parliamentary system.^[9]

Malaysia as a unified state did not exist until 1963. Previously, a set of colonies were established by the United Kingdom from the late-18th century, and the western half of modern Malaysia was composed of several separate kingdoms. This group of colonies was known as British Malaya until its dissolution in 1946, when it was reorganised as the Malayan Union. Due to widespread opposition, it was reorganised again as the Federation of Malaya in 1948 and later gained independence on 31 August 1957.^[10] Singapore, Sarawak, British North Borneo and the Federation of Malaya joined to form Malaysia on 16 September 1963.^[11] The early years of the new union were marred by an armed conflict with Indonesia and the expulsion of Singapore on 9 August 1965.^[12][13] The Southeast Asian nation experienced an economic boom and underwent rapid development during the late-20th century. Rapid growth during the 1980s and 1990s, averaging 8% from 1991 to 1997, has transformed Malaysia into a newly industrialised country.^[14][15] Because Malaysia is one of three countries that control the Strait of Malacca, international trade plays a large role in its economy.^[16] At one time, it was the largest producer of tin, rubber and palm oil in the world.^[17] Manufacturing has a large influence in the country's economy.^[18] Malaysia has a biodiverse range of flora and fauna, and is also considered one of the 18 megadiverse countries.^[19]

Malays form the majority of the population of Malaysia. There are sizable Chinese and Indian communities as well.^[20] As a religious society, Islam is the official religion, as well as the largest of the federation.^[5][21] The Malay language is the official language.^[22]

Malaysia is a founding member of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations and participates in many international organisations such as the United Nations.^[23][24] As a former British colony, it is also a member of the Commonwealth of Nations.^[25] It is also a member of the Developing 8 Countries.^[26]

nIgErIa

Nigeria, officially the Federal Republic of Nigeria, is a federal constitutional republic comprising thirty-six states and one Federal Capital Territory. The country is located in West Africa and shares land borders with the Republic of Benin in the west, Chad and Cameroon in the east, and Niger in the north. Its coast lies on the Gulf of Guinea, a part of the Atlantic Ocean, in the south. The capital city is Abuja. The three largest and most influential ethnic groups in Nigeria are the Hausa, Igbo and Yoruba.

The people of Nigeria have an extensive history, and archaeological evidence shows that human habitation of the area dates back to at least 9000 BCE.^[3] The Benue-Cross River area is thought to be the original homeland of the Bantu migrants who spread across most of central and southern Africa in waves between the 1st millennium BCE and the 2nd millennium CE.

The name Nigeria was created from a portmanteau of the words Niger and Area, taken from the River Niger running through Nigeria. This name was coined by the future wife of the Baron Lugard, a British colonial administrator, during the early 20th century.

Nigeria is the most populous country in Africa and the eighth most populous country in the world with a population of over 150 million, therefore making it the most populous 'black' country in the world. It is a regional power, is listed among the "Next Eleven" economies, and is a member of the Commonwealth of Nations. The economy of Nigeria is one of the fastest growing in the world with the International Monetary Fund projecting a growth of 9% in 2008 and 8.3% in 2009.^[4][5][6][7]

ThE SoVeReIgNtY
The Orange River Sovereignty (1848–1854) was a short-lived political entity between the Orange and Vaal rivers in southern Africa. In 1854, it became the Orange Free State, and is now the Free State province of South Africa.

tHe CoMmOn wEaLtH oF pEnSyLvAnIa

The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania ( /ˌpɛnsɨlˈveɪnjə/ (help·info)), often colloquially referred to as PA (its postal abbreviation which succeeds the archaic Penn. and Penna. as common abbreviations) by natives and Northeasterners, is a state located in the Northeastern and Middle Atlantic regions of the United States. The state borders Delaware and Maryland to the south, West Virginia to the southwest, Ohio to the west, New York and a water border with Canada to the north, and New Jersey to the east. The state's most populated city is Philadelphia.

Pennsylvania has been known as the Keystone State since 1802,^[3] based in part upon its central location among the original Thirteen Colonies forming the United States. It was also a keystone state economically, having both the industry common to the North, making such wares as Conestoga wagons^[4] and rifles,^[5] and the agriculture common to the South, producing feed, fiber, food, and tobacco.^[6]

Another one of Pennsylvania's nicknames is the Quaker State; in colonial times, it was known officially as the Quaker Province,^[7] in recognition of Quaker^[8] William Penn's First Frame of Government^[9] constitution for Pennsylvania that guaranteed liberty of conscience. He knew of the hostility^[10] Quakers faced when they opposed religious ritual, taking oaths, violence, war and military service, and what they viewed as ostentatious frippery.^[11]

Pennsylvania has 51 miles (82 km)^[12] of coastline along Lake Erie and 57 miles (92 km)^[13] of shoreline along the Delaware Estuary.